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95% of variation in the performance of a system is caused by the system itself; only 5% is caused by the people.
— W. Edwards Deming, The leader’s handbook: making things happen, getting things done
…people in a hierarchy tend to rise to “a level of respective incompetence”: employees are promoted based on their success in previous jobs until they reach a level at which they are no longer competent, as skills in one job do not necessarily translate to another.
— Laurence J. Peter, The Peter principle
…the difficulty faced by organizations, and in particular young companies such as start-ups, where one or more founders maintain disproportionate power and influence following the effective initial establishment of the organization, leading to a wide range of problems.